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workforce4_c.c
/* Copyright 2023, Gurobi Optimization, LLC */
/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a
particular day. We use Pareto optimization to solve the model:
first, we minimize the linear sum of the slacks. Then, we constrain
the sum of the slacks, and we minimize a quadratic objective that
tries to balance the workload among the workers. */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"
int solveAndPrint(GRBmodel* model,
int nShifts, int nWorkers, char** Workers,
int* status);
#define xcol(w,s) nShifts*w+s
#define slackcol(s) nShifts*nWorkers+s
#define totSlackcol nShifts*(nWorkers+1)
#define totShiftscol(w) nShifts*(nWorkers+1)+1+w
#define avgShiftscol (nShifts+1)*(nWorkers+1)
#define diffShiftscol(w) (nShifts+1)*(nWorkers+1)+1+w
#define MAXSTR 128
int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0, status;
int s, w, col;
int *cbeg = NULL;
int *cind = NULL;
int idx;
double *cval = NULL;
char *sense = NULL;
char vname[MAXSTR], cname[MAXSTR];
double val;
/* Sample data */
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 7;
/* Sets of days and workers */
char* Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
char* Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };
/* Number of workers required for each shift */
double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };
/* Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift */
double availability[][14] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };
/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "workforce4.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Create initial model */
error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "workforce4",
(nShifts + 1) * (nWorkers + 1),
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Initialize assignment decision variables:
x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.
This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
use binary variables. */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
col = xcol(w, s);
sprintf(vname, "%s.%s", Workers[w], Shifts[s]);
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", col, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", col, availability[w][s]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}
/* Initialize slack decision variables */
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
sprintf(vname, "%sSlack", Shifts[s]);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", slackcol(s), vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
/* Initialize total slack decision variable */
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", totSlackcol, "totSlack");
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Initialize variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
sprintf(vname, "%sTotShifts", Workers[w]);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", totShiftscol(w), vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
/* The objective is to minimize the sum of the slacks */
error = GRBsetintattr(model, "ModelSense", GRB_MINIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", totSlackcol, 1.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Make space for constraint data */
cbeg = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts);
if (!cbeg) goto QUIT;
cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts * (nWorkers + 1));
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * nShifts * (nWorkers + 1));
if (!cval) goto QUIT;
sense = malloc(sizeof(char) * nShifts);
if (!sense) goto QUIT;
/* Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers
to each shift s, plus the slack */
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cbeg[s] = idx;
sense[s] = GRB_EQUAL;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[idx] = xcol(w, s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
cind[idx] = slackcol(s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
error = GRBaddconstrs(model, nShifts, idx, cbeg, cind, cval, sense,
shiftRequirements, Shifts);
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Constraint: set totSlack column equal to the total slack */
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cind[idx] = slackcol(s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
cind[idx] = totSlackcol;
cval[idx++] = -1.0;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, idx, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL,
0.0, "totSlack");
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cind[idx] = xcol(w,s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
sprintf(cname, "totShifts%s", Workers[w]);
cind[idx] = totShiftscol(w);
cval[idx++] = -1.0;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, idx, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL, 0.0, cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
/* Optimize */
error = solveAndPrint(model, nShifts, nWorkers, Workers, &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) goto QUIT;
/* Constrain the slack by setting its upper and lower bounds */
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", totSlackcol, &val);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", totSlackcol, val);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", totSlackcol, val);
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Variable to count the average number of shifts worked */
error = GRBaddvar(model, 0, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, GRB_INFINITY, GRB_CONTINUOUS,
"avgShifts");
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Variables to count the difference from average for each worker;
note that these variables can take negative values. */
error = GRBaddvars(model, nWorkers, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
sprintf(vname, "%sDiff", Workers[w]);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", diffShiftscol(w), vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", diffShiftscol(w), -GRB_INFINITY);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
/* Constraint: compute the average number of shifts worked */
idx = 0;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[idx] = totShiftscol(w);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
cind[idx] = avgShiftscol;
cval[idx++] = -nWorkers;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, idx, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL, 0.0, "avgShifts");
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Constraint: compute the difference from the average number of shifts */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[0] = totShiftscol(w);
cval[0] = 1.0;
cind[1] = avgShiftscol;
cval[1] = -1.0;
cind[2] = diffShiftscol(w);
cval[2] = -1.0;
sprintf(cname, "%sDiff", Workers[w]);
error = GRBaddconstr(model, 3, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL, 0.0, cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
/* Objective: minimize the sum of the square of the difference from the
average number of shifts worked */
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", totSlackcol, 0.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[w] = diffShiftscol(w);
cval[w] = 1.0;
}
error = GRBaddqpterms(model, nWorkers, cind, cind, cval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
/* Optimize */
error = solveAndPrint(model, nShifts, nWorkers, Workers, &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) goto QUIT;
QUIT:
/* Error reporting */
if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}
/* Free data */
free(cbeg);
free(cind);
free(cval);
free(sense);
/* Free model */
GRBfreemodel(model);
/* Free environment */
GRBfreeenv(env);
return 0;
}
int solveAndPrint(GRBmodel* model,
int nShifts, int nWorkers, char** Workers,
int* status)
{
int error, w;
double val;
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) return error;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", status);
if (error) return error;
if ((*status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) || (*status == GRB_INFEASIBLE) ||
(*status == GRB_UNBOUNDED))
{
printf("The model cannot be solved "
"because it is infeasible or unbounded\n");
return 0;
}
if (*status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", *status);
return 0;
}
/* Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker */
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", totSlackcol, &val);
if (error) return error;
printf("\nTotal slack required: %f\n", val);
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", totShiftscol(w), &val);
if (error) return error;
printf("%s worked %f shifts\n", Workers[w], val);
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
